For those of you who think that your liver's only function is to detoxify your body after a night at the saloon, check out this story:
In May 2003, a South African woman carried a healthy baby girl to term on and in her liver. When my wife Angela brought home this tale of miraculous reproduction from her anatomy class a few weeks ago, I was dubious. A healthy baby, growing in the liver? That sounded impossible. How did it get there? How could it survive? It turned out, however, that as usual my wife was right. Apparently this baby, back when it was nothing more than a fertilized egg, fell off the path to the uterus, floated through the abdomen, and implanted on the liver. It turns out that the path from ovary to uterus via the fallopian tube is not as tightly sealed as you might expect, and occasionally eggs lose their way. Normally, these eggs, without the rich blood supply of the uterus, wither and get reabsorbed. But, in this situation, and in a dozen or so other previously reported cases, the egg found a happy, well-vascularized (albeit alternative) home. The resulting pregnancy was extremely high-risk; without the protection of the muscular walls of the uterus, even minor trauma could have threatened the fetus. And, if the fetus or placenta had obstructed the blood or bile vessels of the liver, the mother's life would have been in danger. But, in this case, both mom and baby were fortunate; there were no serious complications, and the anomalous location of the baby was not discovered until a c-section was performed during labor. In a country with routine prenatal care, this miraculous liver pregnancy would almost certainly have suffered a different fate. Consider, a recent case report in the journal Obstetrics and Gynecology describing the "Diagnosis and Management of Hepatic Ectopic Pregnancy." (Obstetrics & Gynecology 2007;109:544-546) In this case, a woman with abdominal pain, a positive pregnancy test and an empty uterus on Ultrasound, went through a battery of tests and procedures until a MRI identified an 11-week ectopic pregnancy with fetal cardiac activity located in the maternal liver. This pregnancy, due to it's high risk nature, was successfully terminated with fetal injections of methotrexate and potassium chloride (under ultrasound guidance) and subsequent maternal intramuscular injection of methotrexate. I am sure there are some right-to-lifers out there who would argue that since this mother's life was not in imminent danger, the fetus should have been protected. The healthy liver baby from South Africa does give this argument some semblance of credence. Western medicine is efficient and saves lives, but its application does preclude some of nature's miraculous anomalies.
Medical Anomaly Trivia:
Which of the following are actual, reported, medical anomalies;
A) A girl born with two faces
B) A parasite twin (a fetus growing inside of another fetus)
C) A girl born with a cyclops eye
D) A boy with a true human tail
E) A true hermaphrodite with both ovarian and testicular tissue
Answers next week...
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/2932608.stm
Friday, May 2, 2008
Thursday, March 13, 2008
Amazon Book Review Contest Results (The Bullet's Yaw)
The panel of expert judges had a difficult task: picking between six excellent reviews of the recently released nonfiction book The Bullet's Yaw; Refelctions on Violence, Healing and an Unforgettable Stranger.
The voting was very close and all of the reviews were scored highly. But, a choice had to be made, and here are the winners:
WINNER:
Ballard's Anatomy
By
Padrepat
Many of us are drawn to the time tested TV medical drama formula used by the likes of ER or Grey's Anatomy. A victim is rushed to the hospital after some heinous crime or outrageous mishap. Doctors speak in declarative, jargon filled sentences in their urgent attempts to save John or Jane Doe. Family members and friends trickle into the hospital to color in the life that the victim was leading before landing in the emergency room. We are shocked by the nature of the injury, fascinated by the medical procedure, and begin to feel emotionally invested in the victim. But there is a problem with this formula: is often over-scripted, sensationalized, and/or fake. Dr. Ballard's autobiographical account of his dealings with one of his most memorable patients, on the other hand, is painfully real. In this short, very readable book, Ballard brings the emergency department to life. We learn the real reason why Doe is such a common surname on hospital charts, we effortlessly begin to attach meaning to medical terms, and we develop an appreciation for how the doctor's mind works in making diagnoses under severe time pressure to the robotic two-minute drill of their daily rounds. Yet in telling the story of Jeffrey Mains, an innocent victim to a shooting rampage, Ballard's compelling narrative follows his patient outside of the hospital to show how difficult it can be to regain some sense of normalcy after such trauma. He deftly uses Jeffrey's experience to underscore broader societal problems including gun control and the failure to exchange psychiatric information across state borders that indirectly abet senseless violence such as the recent killings at the Northern Illinois University. If there is a weak point to this book, however, some readers might find it difficult to invest emotionally in Jeffrey, in part because the author at times seemed to have trouble establishing a connection himself. Ironically, the perpetrator of the attack, Joseph Ferguson (and the shocking, though briefly described personal circumstances that led to his terrible crime), represented perhaps the book's most unforgettable stranger. Should Ballard ever choose to revise or expand this book, it might be worthwhile not only to generate more reader sympathy for the challenges of the healing process (perhaps by taking additional steps to humanize Mains or introducing other patients facing similar challenges), but also to delve more deeply into Ferguson's story, which provides the launching point for much of the author's social commentary on violence. Overall though, The Bullet's Yaw is an important, authoritative, and thoughtful work that is engaging enough to captivate the Grey's Anatomy audience and substantive enough to resonate with health care and policy practitioners.
RUNNER-UP:
Thought provoking; delivers an unexpected and impactful message
By
Owen S. Good (San Jose, Calif.)
Dr. Ballard's compact and engaging narrative comes through as a highly thought-provoking conversation with a brilliant dinner guest. This book's purpose and argument concerns violence and its prevention, and specifically firearms violence, which he correctly notes is an extremely toxic debate in the United States. Ballard's book earns the right to discuss it by laying a very human presentation of the challenging and harrowing details faced by an urban hospital trauma unit, details most Americans know nothing of and may never encounter even once. Ballard then trains his lens specifically on Jeffrey Mains, a badly wounded victim of a psychotic's gun rampage. Mains' cruel and unnecessary injuries and the physical and emotional challenge of his recovery are delivered first as a medical procedural, and later fleshed out in personal terms. But after laying both foundations, then Ballard states his conscience: That firearms violence is, like deaths from automobile accidents in the 1960s, "a neglected disease" in that both, in their era, pose seemingly intractable problems to trauma response physicians nationwide. In the 1960s, a combination of accident prevention and trauma medicine innovation -- both of which Ballard reports completely and cogently, with a personal association with the principals involved -- combined to reduce traffic fatalities by two thirds. Today, such a meaningful public health approach to gun violence is long overdue. Ballard, whose opinion is both personal and relevant, proposes a reasonable plan of accident prevention, as applied to firearms purchasing and ownership. One senses that it is offered in hopes that the blind risks we seem to accept today will become shockingly clear, and seem as primitive and unacceptable as the dangerous conditions a motorist faced 40 years ago.
To see all the reviews, go to:
http://www.amazon.com/Bullets-Yaw-Reflections-violence-unforgettable/dp/0595476481/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1205508685&sr=8-1
The voting was very close and all of the reviews were scored highly. But, a choice had to be made, and here are the winners:
WINNER:
Ballard's Anatomy
By
Padrepat
Many of us are drawn to the time tested TV medical drama formula used by the likes of ER or Grey's Anatomy. A victim is rushed to the hospital after some heinous crime or outrageous mishap. Doctors speak in declarative, jargon filled sentences in their urgent attempts to save John or Jane Doe. Family members and friends trickle into the hospital to color in the life that the victim was leading before landing in the emergency room. We are shocked by the nature of the injury, fascinated by the medical procedure, and begin to feel emotionally invested in the victim. But there is a problem with this formula: is often over-scripted, sensationalized, and/or fake. Dr. Ballard's autobiographical account of his dealings with one of his most memorable patients, on the other hand, is painfully real. In this short, very readable book, Ballard brings the emergency department to life. We learn the real reason why Doe is such a common surname on hospital charts, we effortlessly begin to attach meaning to medical terms, and we develop an appreciation for how the doctor's mind works in making diagnoses under severe time pressure to the robotic two-minute drill of their daily rounds. Yet in telling the story of Jeffrey Mains, an innocent victim to a shooting rampage, Ballard's compelling narrative follows his patient outside of the hospital to show how difficult it can be to regain some sense of normalcy after such trauma. He deftly uses Jeffrey's experience to underscore broader societal problems including gun control and the failure to exchange psychiatric information across state borders that indirectly abet senseless violence such as the recent killings at the Northern Illinois University. If there is a weak point to this book, however, some readers might find it difficult to invest emotionally in Jeffrey, in part because the author at times seemed to have trouble establishing a connection himself. Ironically, the perpetrator of the attack, Joseph Ferguson (and the shocking, though briefly described personal circumstances that led to his terrible crime), represented perhaps the book's most unforgettable stranger. Should Ballard ever choose to revise or expand this book, it might be worthwhile not only to generate more reader sympathy for the challenges of the healing process (perhaps by taking additional steps to humanize Mains or introducing other patients facing similar challenges), but also to delve more deeply into Ferguson's story, which provides the launching point for much of the author's social commentary on violence. Overall though, The Bullet's Yaw is an important, authoritative, and thoughtful work that is engaging enough to captivate the Grey's Anatomy audience and substantive enough to resonate with health care and policy practitioners.
RUNNER-UP:
Thought provoking; delivers an unexpected and impactful message
By
Owen S. Good (San Jose, Calif.)
Dr. Ballard's compact and engaging narrative comes through as a highly thought-provoking conversation with a brilliant dinner guest. This book's purpose and argument concerns violence and its prevention, and specifically firearms violence, which he correctly notes is an extremely toxic debate in the United States. Ballard's book earns the right to discuss it by laying a very human presentation of the challenging and harrowing details faced by an urban hospital trauma unit, details most Americans know nothing of and may never encounter even once. Ballard then trains his lens specifically on Jeffrey Mains, a badly wounded victim of a psychotic's gun rampage. Mains' cruel and unnecessary injuries and the physical and emotional challenge of his recovery are delivered first as a medical procedural, and later fleshed out in personal terms. But after laying both foundations, then Ballard states his conscience: That firearms violence is, like deaths from automobile accidents in the 1960s, "a neglected disease" in that both, in their era, pose seemingly intractable problems to trauma response physicians nationwide. In the 1960s, a combination of accident prevention and trauma medicine innovation -- both of which Ballard reports completely and cogently, with a personal association with the principals involved -- combined to reduce traffic fatalities by two thirds. Today, such a meaningful public health approach to gun violence is long overdue. Ballard, whose opinion is both personal and relevant, proposes a reasonable plan of accident prevention, as applied to firearms purchasing and ownership. One senses that it is offered in hopes that the blind risks we seem to accept today will become shockingly clear, and seem as primitive and unacceptable as the dangerous conditions a motorist faced 40 years ago.
To see all the reviews, go to:
http://www.amazon.com/Bullets-Yaw-Reflections-violence-unforgettable/dp/0595476481/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1205508685&sr=8-1
Thursday, January 17, 2008
Morgellonian Mania
A scrawny young man visited my Emergency Department several years ago complaining of thousands of tiny bugs crawling over and under his skin.* This sensation had been progressing for weeks and had driven him to a frenzy of nervous activity. He was covered with excoriated sores and streaks of scarlet - inflicted, I was sure, by his fingernails. I inspected him from head to toe but did not see any evidence of insect or parasite, but he was not deterred. He handed me a smudged envelope and asked me to (carefully) look inside. I pulled out a half dozen pieces of scotch tape, each of which had trapped a number of black-brown specks. These specks were the bugs, he declared, and he dared me to prove otherwise by looking at them under magnification. Although I was quite sure that he was wrong, I humored him, and took a real close look under a magnifying glass. And while I didn't see any signs of movement or of anatomic structure, I was perplexed as to the source of these small dark specks. They seemed too slim to be dirt and too irregular to be sand. After several minutes of debate, during which my patient demanded answers and I challenged his theory but failed to offer an alternative explanation, I noticed something. His fingernails were crusted, outside and under the tip of the nail, with a black-brown substance that looked like..."Are you a painter?" I asked him. Well, yes, of course he was and while I was pleased to have solved the mystery, my patient remained dubious. Nonetheless, I prescribed him a medication for itching and referred him to psychiatry with the presumed diagnosis of "delusional parasitosis."
I recalled this odd patient encounter yesterday as I was reading an article about a strange medical condition called Morgellons. This week, the CDC announced a $338,000 grant to Kaiser Permanente to study this "unexplained dermopathy," that some believe is caused by infection or toxic exposure but others believe is nothing more than a new name for the psychiatric condition known for seventy-five years as delusional parasitosis. In 2001-2002, biologist Mary Leitao took her two-year-old son to numerous doctors looking for an explanation for a strange skin condition: the sensation of bugs crawling and biting the skin associated with cutaneous sores that, upon close inspection, contained bundles of fine, multi-colored fibers. The doctors were either baffled, disinterested or skeptical and out of her frustration. Leitao found the inspiration to name her son's condition. She lifted the name Morgellons from a line in Thomas Browne's A Letter to a Friend (1690) that describes a "distemper of children...called the morgellons, wherein they critically break out with harsh hairs on their backs."
The key distinction between Morgellons and delusional parasitosis appears to rest with these bundles of fine fibers. What are they? Skeptics believe that they are textile threads from clothing scratched and rubbed into sores, but Leitao and thousands of others are convinced that there is some other source. Lyme disease has been fingered as a possible culprit, as have pesticides. Personally, I would have a much easier time writing off the Morgellons concept if it weren't for two aspects of the condition that don't fit cleanly into the realm of psychiatry: the hundreds of affected children and the geographic clustering of disease. I have seen plenty of adults, most of them psychotic or high on methamphetamine, who believing themselves infested, have scratched and clawed their skin raw. The patient I described above is a textbook example. But not children, and especially not young children like Andrew Leitao. And, there's the matter of clustering. Of the over 11,000 families that have registered with the Morgellons Research Foundation, 26% are in California and there appear to be disease clusters in Southern California, Texas and Florida. I have no doubt that some of these (self-diagnosed) Morgellonians are battling scabies, drug abuse or psychiatric illness, but I am not so sure they all are. And, I do hope that someday soon scientific research can define precisely what it is that is bugging these people.
http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080117/ap_on_he_me/morgellons_cdc;_ylt=AhhDGfMVAm8Qsz1bO430qPIR.3QA
Friday, December 28, 2007
We've Got a Hasselhoff in Room 13
Several media outlets ran stories recently about the British Medical Journal's Christmas edition which, in keeping with its tradition, published lighthearted articles on the culture of medicine. One of these was a short list of new medical terminology. There's some good stuff in there, including the terms "blamestorming" (a group of doctors trying to find a scapegoat for an egregious error), "tesiticulation" ("the holding forth with expressive hand gestures by a consultant on a subject in which he or she has little knowledge") and "Jack Bauer" (a doctor still up and working after 24 hours on the hob) but the kicker of the compendium was "Hasselhoff."
The term "Hasselhoff" refers to a patient with an injury (or injuries) that are not plausibly related to the explanation given for them. David Hasselfhoff (of Knight Rider and Baywatch fame) was injured at a London hotel in 2006 while shaving. Shaving, at least, was the explanation he gave for a head injury and a severely injured right arm (with tendon and artery damage). Hasselhoff's story (to this day) is that he hit his head on a bathroom chandelier while shaving, which caused the chandelier to break and to send a shard of glass through his arm. It's hard to imagine a plausible manner in which this could have occured; was he wearing a pair of stilts while shaving? Or trying to use the chandelier glass to get a closer look at his nose hair?
Recently, we had a "Hasselhoff" in Room 13 of our emergency department (ED); a middle-aged man who had hurt his ribs and chest while getting out of bed to get a glass of water. Perhaps he was a little tipsy, he said, and had stumbled against a railing. As the x-rays revealed, there were more to his injuries than just a banged-up rib cage. This guy was walking around with numerous broken ribs, including the first and second (which are very difficult to break) and a "flail" area of the chest - where the ribs paradoxically sucked in (rather than expanding out) with inspiration. There was no doubt that this man had suffered a high velocity and high impact injury - but he, in vintage Hasselhoff form, stuck to his story (even when the admitting surgeon, a gruff and no-nonsense type of guy, called bullshit.) We kept waiting for the police to show up, inquiring about a man who had abandoned his car in a precarious position, but our curiousity was not to be satisfied. Like Hasselhoff's mysterious chandelier incident, this fool's story may remain fuel for an active imagination.
http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/335/7633/1295
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/5135030.stm
The term "Hasselhoff" refers to a patient with an injury (or injuries) that are not plausibly related to the explanation given for them. David Hasselfhoff (of Knight Rider and Baywatch fame) was injured at a London hotel in 2006 while shaving. Shaving, at least, was the explanation he gave for a head injury and a severely injured right arm (with tendon and artery damage). Hasselhoff's story (to this day) is that he hit his head on a bathroom chandelier while shaving, which caused the chandelier to break and to send a shard of glass through his arm. It's hard to imagine a plausible manner in which this could have occured; was he wearing a pair of stilts while shaving? Or trying to use the chandelier glass to get a closer look at his nose hair?
Recently, we had a "Hasselhoff" in Room 13 of our emergency department (ED); a middle-aged man who had hurt his ribs and chest while getting out of bed to get a glass of water. Perhaps he was a little tipsy, he said, and had stumbled against a railing. As the x-rays revealed, there were more to his injuries than just a banged-up rib cage. This guy was walking around with numerous broken ribs, including the first and second (which are very difficult to break) and a "flail" area of the chest - where the ribs paradoxically sucked in (rather than expanding out) with inspiration. There was no doubt that this man had suffered a high velocity and high impact injury - but he, in vintage Hasselhoff form, stuck to his story (even when the admitting surgeon, a gruff and no-nonsense type of guy, called bullshit.) We kept waiting for the police to show up, inquiring about a man who had abandoned his car in a precarious position, but our curiousity was not to be satisfied. Like Hasselhoff's mysterious chandelier incident, this fool's story may remain fuel for an active imagination.
http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/335/7633/1295
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/5135030.stm
Sunday, December 16, 2007
That Crazy Flu Bug
From the country that brought us video game induced seizures, now comes flu-induced delirium.
Japanese children are running around like crazed lunatics and exhibiting self-destructive behavior. Now, I've never been to Japan, but I can tell you that as the father of a 2 year old, this does not strike me as particularly unusual. Nonetheless, the evidence from Japan seems to implicate the use of Tamiflu (oseltamivir) in flu patients with neuropsychiatric disturbances that include seizures, delirium and mysterious falls from tall buildings.
Four Japanese children under 16 have died from falls and this has the FDA looking into 55 incidents (no deaths) of abnormal behavior in U.S. patients taking Tamiflu since it was approved in 1999.
Apparently, and this was news to me, the use of Tamiflu is considered standard of care in Japan for patients with the flu (75% of the 48 million prescriptions written have been for Japanese patients). This is odd, because the drug is really not all that effective - it is only helpful if given early in the course of illness and only able to diminish the duration of symptoms by 24 hours or so. Roche, the maker of Tamiflu, has brushed off these incidents - arguing that they are the product of the viral (flu) infection rather than the medication.
Regardless of the cause, however, it seems prudent to limit the use of Tamiflu to a select group of patients: those with significant underlying diseases at high risk for complications who present early in the course of their flu bug. Everyone else should consider getting vaccinated (if you haven't done it, now would be a good time) and remember that there's nothing crazy about the notion that good hygiene can help control the spread of disease.
From the New York Times:
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/28/health/policy/28fda.html?ref=health
Japanese children are running around like crazed lunatics and exhibiting self-destructive behavior. Now, I've never been to Japan, but I can tell you that as the father of a 2 year old, this does not strike me as particularly unusual. Nonetheless, the evidence from Japan seems to implicate the use of Tamiflu (oseltamivir) in flu patients with neuropsychiatric disturbances that include seizures, delirium and mysterious falls from tall buildings.
Four Japanese children under 16 have died from falls and this has the FDA looking into 55 incidents (no deaths) of abnormal behavior in U.S. patients taking Tamiflu since it was approved in 1999.
Apparently, and this was news to me, the use of Tamiflu is considered standard of care in Japan for patients with the flu (75% of the 48 million prescriptions written have been for Japanese patients). This is odd, because the drug is really not all that effective - it is only helpful if given early in the course of illness and only able to diminish the duration of symptoms by 24 hours or so. Roche, the maker of Tamiflu, has brushed off these incidents - arguing that they are the product of the viral (flu) infection rather than the medication.
Regardless of the cause, however, it seems prudent to limit the use of Tamiflu to a select group of patients: those with significant underlying diseases at high risk for complications who present early in the course of their flu bug. Everyone else should consider getting vaccinated (if you haven't done it, now would be a good time) and remember that there's nothing crazy about the notion that good hygiene can help control the spread of disease.
From the New York Times:
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/28/health/policy/28fda.html?ref=health
Friday, December 14, 2007
Unhealthy Egos
The November 27th New York Science Times section led with a story entitled “The Feud,” by Lawrence Altman. This piece is an excellent reminder that big egos can be unhealthy; even in the field of medicine where patient care is supposed to trump personal ego. “The Feud” addresses the relationship of two of the leading surgeons of the 1950’s and 60’s – Michael A DeBakey and Denton A Cooley – both legends of the operating room and pioneers of cardiovascular surgery. The conflict between them began when Cooley pilfered an artificial heart from DeBakey’s lab at Baylor Medical College and placed the half-pound piece of plastic in the chest of one of his own patients. DeBakey was informed about the theft from colleagues at a conference and was none too pleased. “I never quite understood it other than his ambition was almost uncontrolled,” DeBakey later said, adding that Cooley “kind of suffered from the fact that I was considered more prestigious than he was.” Cooley justified his unprecedented betrayal not by invoking patient care (his patient gained just four and half days of life out of the ordeal) but rather on the self-indulgent (he was doing more heart operations than anyone else so therefore deserved to be the first to implant an artificial heart) and the patriotic (he didn’t want the Russians to beat us to this milestone). The fallout from this feud was massive and not only caused bad blood between DeBakey and Cooley for decades, but may have also setback the development of implantable cardiac assist devices by 10 years or more. Now, Altman reports, Cooley (age 87) and Debakey (age 99) have finally made peace; just in time, a cynic might say, to become demented and forget that the whole thing happened.
The issue of ego is not frequently discussed in medicine, but doctors are human and humans have egos. And egos affect decisions, sometimes for the better and sometimes for the worse. I’ve seen it myriad times, both in my training and later in my community practice. Especially at academic medical centers, specialty services often have “pissing matches” regarding which service should admit a particular patient to the hospital. At the heart of these conflicts is a desire to avoid work but the dispute often degenerates into a battle of ego. The surgeon, for example, may demand that the medicine service admit a patient with an inflamed gallbladder, not so much because this is in the best interest of the patient, but simply because they are the surgeons and have been indoctrinated with the idea that other services are not their equal. Mortality and Morbidity (M&M) conferences often become a theater in which faculty members can demonstrate how smart they are to their trainees and each other. I recall several M&M conferences from my residency in which a fellow resident who was presenting a case with a bad outcome was nearly brought to tears by the barrage of second-guessing from retrospectoscope-enabled faculty. Physicians should and must have a process of vetting cases in which patient care goes awry, but to do so in a manner in a way which serves to placate ego does not make sense.
Physician-patient interactions can also become colored by physician ego. I see this most commonly if the patient requests (or demands) a certain treatment. Often, the patient is being unrealistic, but not always and sometimes it is not so much the nature of a patient request, but its manner that irritates physicians. I have certainly fallen victim to this; a patient arrives having googled the bejeezus out of their symptoms and having formed a definite opinion about their diagnosis. If I feel like I am being treated as nothing more than the gatekeeper to their preferred treatment, rather than a professional with years of training, I may push back. I can only imagine that more veteran physicians, who trained in an era in which physician judgment was rarely questioned and in which medical decisions were made primarily by doctors rather than through a “shared” approach, find this type of internet-savvy patient to be bedeviling.
There are other examples, but I won’t belabor the point. I will just conclude with a variation on an age old maxim that applies equally to physicians (dealing with each other or patients) or patients (who want something from their doctors): you can cure more colds with honey than with vinegar.
The issue of ego is not frequently discussed in medicine, but doctors are human and humans have egos. And egos affect decisions, sometimes for the better and sometimes for the worse. I’ve seen it myriad times, both in my training and later in my community practice. Especially at academic medical centers, specialty services often have “pissing matches” regarding which service should admit a particular patient to the hospital. At the heart of these conflicts is a desire to avoid work but the dispute often degenerates into a battle of ego. The surgeon, for example, may demand that the medicine service admit a patient with an inflamed gallbladder, not so much because this is in the best interest of the patient, but simply because they are the surgeons and have been indoctrinated with the idea that other services are not their equal. Mortality and Morbidity (M&M) conferences often become a theater in which faculty members can demonstrate how smart they are to their trainees and each other. I recall several M&M conferences from my residency in which a fellow resident who was presenting a case with a bad outcome was nearly brought to tears by the barrage of second-guessing from retrospectoscope-enabled faculty. Physicians should and must have a process of vetting cases in which patient care goes awry, but to do so in a manner in a way which serves to placate ego does not make sense.
Physician-patient interactions can also become colored by physician ego. I see this most commonly if the patient requests (or demands) a certain treatment. Often, the patient is being unrealistic, but not always and sometimes it is not so much the nature of a patient request, but its manner that irritates physicians. I have certainly fallen victim to this; a patient arrives having googled the bejeezus out of their symptoms and having formed a definite opinion about their diagnosis. If I feel like I am being treated as nothing more than the gatekeeper to their preferred treatment, rather than a professional with years of training, I may push back. I can only imagine that more veteran physicians, who trained in an era in which physician judgment was rarely questioned and in which medical decisions were made primarily by doctors rather than through a “shared” approach, find this type of internet-savvy patient to be bedeviling.
There are other examples, but I won’t belabor the point. I will just conclude with a variation on an age old maxim that applies equally to physicians (dealing with each other or patients) or patients (who want something from their doctors): you can cure more colds with honey than with vinegar.
Thursday, December 6, 2007
The Cursa of the “Mursa”
A new germ scare has infected the American media. Five years ago it was the mysterious SARS, a couple years ago it was the civilization-threatening H5N1 Avian Flu and now it is the omnipresent and utterly malicious superbug known as MRSA (pronounced “Mursa”). MRSA (methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus) is everywhere; not just living in the upholstery of ICUs, the creases of the linens at grandma’s nursing home, the computer keyboards of your local emergency department; but also in the saunas of the downtown YMCA, the mats at the neighborhood yoga studio and the nostrils of about three-percent of the U.S. population.
Emergency Department personnel across the country are well-acquainted with MRSA as the profile of an infected patient has become classic: a previously healthy person with an unusual skin disturbance, usually in an unusual location. Maybe they call it a boil, a zit, or a spider bite, or maybe (if it is in an intimate location) it is referred to obliquely as “pain down there.” Most of these infections are easily treated with simple I&D (incision and drainage) and the patient can be sent home – sometimes with antibiotics, sometimes not. In some small, but not insignificant percentage of cases however, a MRSA infection attacks differently – in the lungs, the blood or the deep muscle layers. These potentially deadly aberrations are becoming more common and are the fuel for the recent frenzy of MRSA stories in the media. An October report from the CDC put the yearly MRSA death tally at 19,000 in the U.S. alone. This is indeed significant, especially when you consider that this number is twenty times the total human mortality from the H5N1 Flu and SARS combined.
About a month ago the mechanism for MRSA’s unusual method of infection was discovered. As it turns out, MRSA (and in particular the form of MRSA found outside of hospitals) plays a nasty trick on the body’s immune system. White blood cells from the immune system are drawn to the site of infection by a cluster of proteins (called phenol soluble modulins) that are released by MRSA, then these immune cells are destroyed by the same proteins – in a process that causes them to swell and explode – like a Ziploc bag of mashed potatoes left in the microwave too long. This provides an explanation for the strange phenomenon that emergency physicians like me have observed – MRSA skin infections that are miniature pus volcanoes, rising from otherwise pristine arms, legs, and nether regions and just waiting to erupt.
In the December 1st issue of The Economist I read about a newly emerging strain of MRSA, the so-called non-typable or NT-MRSA – which is not to be confused with other alphabet soup strains such as HA-MRSA (hospital-acquired MRSA) and CA-MRSA (community-acquired MRSA). NT-MRSA is an especially pig-nacious variation. Literally. NT-MRSA is a strain resistant to a class of drugs called tetracyclines that have up to now proven to be a relatively reliable antagonist for MRSA (86% successful treatment rate in a study out of Oakland, California). Tetracyclines along with other antibiotics, vaccines and insecticides are heavily used in pig farming to help fatten the swine (preventing infection means preventing loss of porkable meat). It is thought that this usage has caused the development of the NT-MRSA strain. A Dutch study cited by The Economist has found NT-MRSA in 39% of Dutch pigs and 81% of Dutch pig farms. A Canadian study found NT-MRSA in 20% of Ontario-area swine farmers. American hoggers also use antibiotics, so U.S. pig farms are surely not immune (if you doubt this, click on the link below to a 2006 Rolling Stone story about hog farms). Findings like this are too often described as “alarming” or “shocking,” but I don’t think the discovery of NT-MRSA fits in either of these categories (except perhaps, if you are a pig). Tetracyclines are not considered frontline drugs for treatment of MRSA – there are already other more effective options. But, it is never good to create antibiotic resistance, and especially if you do so not by helping people but by trying to make better bacon. Occasionally in my line of work, I will prescribe antibiotics to a patient even if I don’t think they need them. Usually, these patients have come to the ED with a clear agenda and will be disappointed, and perhaps angry, if that agenda is not fulfilled. In these situations I usually feel a little guilty, as I know I am contributing to the superbug problem. Now, I no longer have to think of myself as the villain – the pig farmers will do quite nicely.
Links:
http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/12840743/porks_dirty_secret_the_nations_top_hog_producer_is_also_one_of_americas_worst_polluters
http://www.economist.com/science/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10205187
Emergency Department personnel across the country are well-acquainted with MRSA as the profile of an infected patient has become classic: a previously healthy person with an unusual skin disturbance, usually in an unusual location. Maybe they call it a boil, a zit, or a spider bite, or maybe (if it is in an intimate location) it is referred to obliquely as “pain down there.” Most of these infections are easily treated with simple I&D (incision and drainage) and the patient can be sent home – sometimes with antibiotics, sometimes not. In some small, but not insignificant percentage of cases however, a MRSA infection attacks differently – in the lungs, the blood or the deep muscle layers. These potentially deadly aberrations are becoming more common and are the fuel for the recent frenzy of MRSA stories in the media. An October report from the CDC put the yearly MRSA death tally at 19,000 in the U.S. alone. This is indeed significant, especially when you consider that this number is twenty times the total human mortality from the H5N1 Flu and SARS combined.
About a month ago the mechanism for MRSA’s unusual method of infection was discovered. As it turns out, MRSA (and in particular the form of MRSA found outside of hospitals) plays a nasty trick on the body’s immune system. White blood cells from the immune system are drawn to the site of infection by a cluster of proteins (called phenol soluble modulins) that are released by MRSA, then these immune cells are destroyed by the same proteins – in a process that causes them to swell and explode – like a Ziploc bag of mashed potatoes left in the microwave too long. This provides an explanation for the strange phenomenon that emergency physicians like me have observed – MRSA skin infections that are miniature pus volcanoes, rising from otherwise pristine arms, legs, and nether regions and just waiting to erupt.
In the December 1st issue of The Economist I read about a newly emerging strain of MRSA, the so-called non-typable or NT-MRSA – which is not to be confused with other alphabet soup strains such as HA-MRSA (hospital-acquired MRSA) and CA-MRSA (community-acquired MRSA). NT-MRSA is an especially pig-nacious variation. Literally. NT-MRSA is a strain resistant to a class of drugs called tetracyclines that have up to now proven to be a relatively reliable antagonist for MRSA (86% successful treatment rate in a study out of Oakland, California). Tetracyclines along with other antibiotics, vaccines and insecticides are heavily used in pig farming to help fatten the swine (preventing infection means preventing loss of porkable meat). It is thought that this usage has caused the development of the NT-MRSA strain. A Dutch study cited by The Economist has found NT-MRSA in 39% of Dutch pigs and 81% of Dutch pig farms. A Canadian study found NT-MRSA in 20% of Ontario-area swine farmers. American hoggers also use antibiotics, so U.S. pig farms are surely not immune (if you doubt this, click on the link below to a 2006 Rolling Stone story about hog farms). Findings like this are too often described as “alarming” or “shocking,” but I don’t think the discovery of NT-MRSA fits in either of these categories (except perhaps, if you are a pig). Tetracyclines are not considered frontline drugs for treatment of MRSA – there are already other more effective options. But, it is never good to create antibiotic resistance, and especially if you do so not by helping people but by trying to make better bacon. Occasionally in my line of work, I will prescribe antibiotics to a patient even if I don’t think they need them. Usually, these patients have come to the ED with a clear agenda and will be disappointed, and perhaps angry, if that agenda is not fulfilled. In these situations I usually feel a little guilty, as I know I am contributing to the superbug problem. Now, I no longer have to think of myself as the villain – the pig farmers will do quite nicely.
Links:
http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/12840743/porks_dirty_secret_the_nations_top_hog_producer_is_also_one_of_americas_worst_polluters
http://www.economist.com/science/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10205187
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)